All those who have dogs hear about how the dog's learning mechanism takes place or through classic conditioning, operative conditioning; and behavioral correction techniques: extinction of behavior, systematic desensitization, counter-conditioning.
For dogs, the literal meaning of words is relative, even if this topic is part of various studies, aimed at proving the opposite.
More important are the para-verbal characteristics of words and phrases, that is: the timbre of the voice that allows you to identify the person speaking, the intonation, the pauses, the rhythms and tones of the voice.
These elements determine true changes in the dog's behavior which, according to the cases, punishes them and gratifies them. Even more important than the para-verbal signs, we have the non-verbal signs given in other words by the body language that accompanies the verbal sign.
If we say a word to the dog that has literally a negative meaning, but our body mimicry is, for example, an invitation to play, the dog will be a little destabilized, but the invitation to play will arrive. If I say "No" to the dog, but I do it in the same tone as pampering, the tone will arrive to the dog but not the "meaning" of that "no".
In such circumstances, the owner ends up losing patience and believing that the dog doesn't obey and this is what we call "communicative pathology". The dog becomes the victim of our inconsistent communication: saying "no" with a sweet tone leads the dog to confusion and stress, as well as the inconstancy for which one day we make it get on the sofa and tomorrow not).
The dog has a greater ability than a man in detecting changes in body language. Dogs communicate with the bodies and with the man through an infinite series of postures and vocalizations.
Communicating with your dog means knowing how to understand and interpret the body language of your four-legged friend: posture, the position of the ears and tail, gaze, vocalizations.